![]() Countries may filter sensitive content on an ongoing basis and/or introduce temporary filtering during key time periods such as elections. Blocking and filtering may also vary within a country across different ISPs. Blocking or filtering can be done at a centralized national level, at a decentralized sub-national level, or at an institutional level, for example in libraries, universities or Internet cafes. Blacklists may be produced manually or automatically and are often not available to non-customers of the blocking software. the control of information on the Internet and Web is certainly feasible, and technological advances do not therefore guarantee greater freedom of speech." īlocking and filtering can be based on relatively static blacklists or be determined more dynamically based on a real-time examination of the information being exchanged. In contrast, a 2011 report by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute published by UNESCO concludes ".A report of research conducted in 2007 and published in 2009 by the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University stated that: "We are confident that the tool developers will for the most part keep ahead of the governments' blocking efforts", but also that ".we believe that less than two percent of all filtered Internet users use circumvention tools.".In November 2007, "Father of the Internet" Vint Cerf stated that he sees government control of the Internet failing because the Web is almost entirely privately owned.A 1993 Time Magazine article quotes computer scientist John Gilmore, one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, as saying "The Net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it.".Views about the feasibility and effectiveness of Internet censorship have evolved in parallel with the development of the Internet and censorship technologies: This in turn requires the use of technical censorship methods that are unique to the Internet, such as site blocking and content filtering. Thus censors must work to prevent access to information even though they lack physical or legal control over the websites themselves. One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain information can find it on websites hosted outside the country. Many of the challenges associated with Internet censorship are similar to those for offline censorship of more traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, books, music, radio, television, and film. According to GlobalWebIndex, over 400 million people use virtual private networks to circumvent censorship or for increased user privacy. Perception of internet censorship in the US is largely based on the First Amendment and the right for expansive free speech and access to content without regard to the consequences. In the same survey 83% agreed that "access to the Internet should be considered a basic human right" and 86% agreed that " freedom of expression should be guaranteed on the Internet". In a 2012 Internet Society survey 71% of respondents agreed that "censorship should exist in some form on the Internet". Support for and opposition to Internet censorship also varies. ![]() Other types of censorship include the use of copyrights, defamation, harassment, and various obscene material claims as a way to deliberately suppress content. An example is the increased censorship due to the events of the Arab Spring. Internet censorship also occurs in response to or in anticipation of events such as elections, protests, and riots. While some countries have moderate Internet censorship, other countries go as far as to limit the access of information such as news and suppress and silence discussion among citizens. ![]() The extent of Internet censorship varies on a country-to-country basis. Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship of material they publish, for moral, religious, or business reasons, to conform to societal norms, political views, due to intimidation, or out of fear of legal or other consequences. Organizations providing internet access – such as schools and libraries – may choose to preclude access to material that they consider undesirable, offensive, age-inappropriate or even illegal, and regard this as ethical behaviour rather than censorship. Internet censorship may also put restrictions on what information can be made internet accessible. ![]() Censorship is most often applied to specific internet domains (such as ) but exceptionally may extend to all Internet resources located outside the jurisdiction of the censoring state. Internet censorship is the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |